sampitroda life history

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh [ Images ] on Tuesday approved the setting up of a National Innovation Council to prepare a road map for the 'Decade of Innovation 2011-2020'.

Sam Pitroda [ Images ], adviser to the prime minister on public information infrastructure and innovations, will head the National Innovation Council.
The Council has been given the mandate to evolve an Indian model of innovation focussing on inclusive growth and creating an appropriate eco­system conducive to fostering inclusive innovation.
It will delineate appropriate policy initiatives within the government required to spur innovation. It will also promote the setting up of sectoral innovation councils and state innovation councils.
While encouraging all important sectors of the economy to innovate, the NIC will take special efforts to facilitate innovation by micro, small and medium enterprises.
Innovation in public services delivery and encouraging multi-disciplinary and globally competitive approaches for innovations would be focused on by the council.
The National Innovation Council would have as its members:

• K Kasturirangan, members of the Planning Commission;
• Arun Maira, member of the Planning Commission;
• Ramesh A Mashelkar, former director general of CSIR;
• Kiran Karnik, former President, Nasscom;
• Devi Prasad Shetty of the Narayana Hrudyalaya;
• R Gopalakrishnan, executive director, Tata Sons;
• Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, chairperson, Biocon [ Get Quote ];
• Shekhar Kapur [ Images ], film director;
• Saurabh Srivastava, chairman, CA Technologies;
• Anil K Gupta, professor IIM Ahmedabad [ Images ];
• Sujatha Ramadorai, professor, TIFR;
• Chandrajit Banerjee, director general, CII;
• Amit Mitra, secretary general, FICCI;
• Samir Brahmachari, director general, CSIR; and
• Sanjay Dhande, director, IIT Kanpur [ Images ].

R Gopalakrishnan, additional secretary in the Prime Minister's Office, will be the member secretary of the National Innovation Council.

By providing public access to telephones, Mr. Sam Pitroda revolutionized the state of telecommunications in India. Currently, Mr. Pitroda is the Chairman and CEO of World-Tel Limited, an International Telecom Union (ITU) initiative. He is also the Chairman and Founder of Sevend high-technology. Sam Pitroda is also the founding Chairman of a non-profit Foundation for' Revitalization of Local Health Traditions in India. As a result of his pioneering works, Sam Pitroda holds more than 50 patents and has lectured extensively on Telecom, Technology and Development, in almost all parts of the world. Sam Pitroda has also featured in several newspapers, magazines, radio and TV programs.

Background
Satyanarayan Gangarm Pitroda, better known as Sam Pitroda was born in Titlagarh, Orissa, India. Sam Pitroda did his schooling at Anand Vallabh Vidyalaya in Gujarat and Masters in Physics and Electronics in Baroda. In the year1964, Sam Pitroda went to the US and did his Masters in Electrical Engineering in Chicago. Thereafter he worked at GTE and formed Wescom Switching, Inc. In the year 1984, Sam Pitroda returned to India and founded the Center for Development of Telematics (CDAC) and later became advisor to the PM of India on National Technology Missions. Mr. Pitroda lives in Chicago, Illinois with his wife Anu, son Salil and daughter R                                             central for development of telematics 

The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) is the Telecom Technology development centre of the Government of India. It was established in August 1984 as an autonomous body. It was vested with full authority and total flexibility to develop state-of-the-art telecommunication technology to meet the needs of the Indian telecommunication network. The key objective was to build a centre for excellence in the area of telecom technology.

While the initial mandate of C-DOT in 1984 was to design and develop digital exchanges and facilitate their large scale manufacture by the Indian Industry, the development of transmission equipment was also added to its scope of work in 1989.

electronic wallet 

An encrypted storage medium holding credit card and other financial information that can be used to complete electronic transactions without re-entering the stored data 

NEW DELHI: Technology evangelist Sam Pitroda has another innovation up his sleeve and this time, he says, it will change the way people the world over look at money and carry out transactions by putting a "digital wallet" into mobile phones .

The inventor of the Casio Digital Diary, which was a rage in the 1980s, Pitroda’s company C-Sam has developed a mobile money transaction platform that, he vouches, will transform today’s concept of banking, credit cards, payments and money.

His latest innovation has also been explained in his new book -- "The March of Mobile Money: The Future of Lifestyle Management" -- that was released by Planning Commission Deputy Chairman Montek Singh Ahluwalia at the India International Centre Tuesday evening.

"Today all your credit, debit cards are put in an envelope and sent to you. In the future, your plastic cards will be digital and sent to your new address -- your mobile phone," Pitroda said at the well-attended launch function.

"This involves the convergence of banks and merchants along with the user. And this is already happening. It is almost here."

Pitroda, who is advisor to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on public information, infrastructure and innovation, says the inspiration for his latest invention was his wife Anu, who would spend hours writing cheque after cheque.

It was then he thought of the concept of "mobile money" that combines the cash you have in your bank account, credit cards, bank accounts, mobile phone and a secure transaction gateway all into a digital wallet of convenience.

The book has been co-authored by his long-time associate at the Chicago-headquartered C-Sam Mehul Desai and published by Harper Collins.

Pitroda said the use of technology and communications in commercial activities can help transform a country like India, empower citizens, reach social uplift programmes more effectively and bring about a drastic lifestyle change in both urban and rural areas.

With over 600 million mobile phone subscribers in India, this electronic version of the leather wallet can deliver personalised and secure services individually to a wide spectrum of users covering almost all sectors, he said.

In today's world, Pitroda said, more than 10 billion cards are produced every year. "The mobile wallet would, in the future, replace these cards, bringing down the cost of transaction and increasing efficiency."

Pitroda, who also chairs the National Innovation Council and headed the now defunct National Knowledge Commission, had filed a patent for the mobile wallet in 1994.

The technology, he says, is already present and used in some form in countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica and Singapore. This apart, a version of this technology - called iMobile -- is also being used by ICICI bank.

The application of this technology -- as has been with his numerous innovations, notably the Casio Digital Diary -- seems simple.

To pay for a transaction, one has to navigate to the menu of a mobile phone and click on the designated icon. The phone asks how to pay, and one then clicks on the credit card. The transaction is done over a secure encrypted platform.

What is more, one can also plug-on this platform to a computer, see the history of transactions, the balance cash, the spending pattern, charts, graphs and even take a printout of receipts, said Pitroda.

"With mobile money, I can buy something from Brazil, pay in rupees, and charge it to my account in Chicago."

j n t u portion english

c.v raman history
Born: November 7, 1888
Died: November 21, 1970
Achievements: He was the first Indian scholar who studied wholly in India received the Nobel Prize.

C.V. Raman is one of the most renowned scientists produced by India. His full name was Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. For his pioneering work on scattering of light, C.V. Raman won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888 in Tiruchinapalli, Tamil Nadu. He was the second child of Chandrasekhar Iyer and Parvathi Amma. His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics, so he had an academic atmosphere at home. He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics. In 1907, C.V. Raman passed his M.A. obtaining the highest distinctions.

During those times there were not many opportunities for scientists in India. Therefore, Raman joined the Indian Finance Department in 1907. After his office hours, he carried out his experimental research in the laboratory of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at Calcutta. He carried out research in acoustics and optics.

In 1917, Raman was offered the position of Sir Taraknath Palit Professorship of Physics at Calcutta University. He stayed there for the next fifteen years. During his tenure there, he received world wide recognition for his work in optics and scattering of light. He was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1924 and the British made him a knight of the British Empire in 1929. In 1930, Sir C.V. Raman was awarded with Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on scattering of light. The discovery was later christened as "Raman Effect".

In 1934, C.V. Raman became the director of the newly established Indian Institute of Sciences in Bangalore, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were: his experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India. He retired from the Indian Institute in 1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, where he worked till his death.

Sir C.V. Raman died on November 21, 1970.

A Child Genius Tiruchirapalli is a town on the banks of the river Cauvery. Chandrasekhara Ayyar was a teacher in a school there. He was a scholar in Physics and Mathematics. He loved music. His wife was Parvathi Ammal. Their second son was born on 7th November 1888. They named the boy Venkata Raman. He was also called Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman or C.V. Raman. Raman grew up in an atmosphere of music, Sanskrit literature and Science. He stood first in every class and was. Talked about as a child genius. He joined the B.A. class of the Presidency College. In the year 1905, he was the only boy who passed in the first class. He won a gold medal, too. He joined the M.A. class in the same college and chose Physics (study of matter and energy) as the main subject of study. Love of science, enthusiasm for work and the curiosity to learn new things were natural to Raman. Nature had also given him the power of concentration and intelligence. He used to read more than what was taught in the class. When doubts arose he would set down questions like 'How?' 'Why?' and 'Is this true?' in the Margin in the textbooks. The works of the German scientist Helmhotlz (1821 - 1891) and the English scientist Lord Raleigh (1842 - 1919) on acoustics (the study of sound) influenced Raman. He took immense interest in the study of sound. When he was eighteen years of age, one of his research papers was -published in the 'Philosophical Magazine' of England. Later another paper was published in the scientific journal 'Nature'.

Biography

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born at Trichinopoly in Southern India on November 7th, 1888. His father was a lecturer in mathematics and physics so that from the first he was immersed in an academic atmosphere. He entered Presidency College, Madras, in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning the first place and the gold medal in physics; in 1907 he gained his M.A. degree, obtaining the highest distinctions.

His earliest researches in optics and acoustics - the two fields of investigation to which he has dedicated his entire career - were carried out while he was a student.

Since at that time a scientific career did not appear to present the best possibilities, Raman joined the Indian Finance Department in 1907; though the duties of his office took most of his time, Raman found opportunities for carrying on experimental research in the laboratory of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at Calcutta (of which he became Honorary Secretary in 1919).

In 1917 he was offered the newly endowed Palit Chair of Physics at Calcutta University, and decided to accept it. After 15 years at Calcutta he became Professor at the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore (1933-1948), and since 1948 he is Director of the Raman Institute of Research at Bangalore, established and endowed by himself. He also founded the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926, of which he is the Editor. Raman sponsored the establishment of the Indian Academy of Sciences and has served as President since its inception. He also initiated the Proceedings of that academy, in which much of his work has been published, and is President of the Current Science Association, Bangalore, which publishes Current Science (India).

Some of Raman's early memoirs appeared as Bulletins of the Indian Associationfor the Cultivation of Science (Bull. 6 and 11, dealing with the "Maintenance of Vibrations"; Bull. 15, 1918, dealing with the theory of the musical instruments of the violin family). He contributed an article on the theory of musical instruments to the 8th Volume of the Handbuch der Physik, 1928. In 1922 he published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light", the first of a series of investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his discovery, on the 28th of February, 1928, of the radiation effect which bears his name ("A new radiation", Indian J. Phys., 2 (1928) 387), and which gained him the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Other investigations carried out by Raman were: his experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light. In 1948 Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. His laboratory has been dealing with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly felspar, agate, opal, and pearls).

Among his other interests have been the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision.

Raman has been honoured with a large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career (1924), and was knighted in 1929.

Electrical Engineering - TryEngineering

Electrical Engineering - TryEngineering

Smart wireless multi-metering solution

Smart wireless multi-metering solution from A.P. Systems uses Sierra Wireless AirPrime™ Embedded Modules and software

Following the successful deployment of over 500,000 Sierra Wireless-enabled wireless energy monitoring devices, A.P. Systems selects Sierra Wireless modules and software for next generation solution

Vienna, Austria - September 22, 2010

Sierra Wireless (NASDAQ: SWIR; TSX: SW) today announced that A.P. Systems, a leading Italian supplier of information and communication technology to utilities and public administrations, is using the Sierra Wireless AirPrime WMP100 Intelligent Embedded Module and Open AT Operating System to provide wireless connectivity to its M3-S multi-metering system. Designed for the simultaneous remote management of gas, electricity, water, heat and street lighting, the M3-S can manage data from different types of devices in a single infrastructure using cellular, low power RF ZigBee or power line carrier connections.
“Since 2002, A.P. Systems has deployed more than 500,000 wireless energy monitoring devices using Sierra Wireless modules and Open AT software,” said Davide Bassetto, product manager at A.P. Systems. “Utility meters stay in the field for many, many years, and the quality and reliability of all their components and software are of prime importance. Our positive experience with Sierra Wireless technology made the choice of integrating their high quality, reliable embedded wireless modules for our next-generation solution an easy one.”
“We are very pleased that A.P. Systems continue to rely on our technology, and in particular the Open AT Operating System,” said Didier Dutronc, Vice President of Marketing at Sierra Wireless. “By taking full advantage of the capabilities of the Open AT OS and embedding their application software directly on the wireless module, A.P. Systems’ talented engineering team has created an innovative wireless multi-metering solution with an extremely efficient architecture. We are proud to be a part of this solution which answers utility companies’ needs for a reliable, efficient and flexible wireless energy monitoring device.”
The AirPrime WMP100 Embedded Module combines embedded processor capability and wireless connectivity in a single device. The BGA form factor and dedicated IOs are suited for automated component placement, and enables equipment manufacturers to optimize their total system cost.
The Open AT Operating System is an execution environment for industrial applications. It enables easy management of wireless communications, can integrate any metering protocol, and adds advanced security features (such as encryption and jamming detection) into the wireless module with no additional cost. Its set of software plug-ins and development tools provides developers with a unique application framework for machine-to-machine applications.
Sierra Wireless Solutions for Energy
Sierra Wireless has more than a decade of experience in wireless data communications for utilities and energy infrastructures.  Our seasoned engineering team is experienced in large-scale wireless deployments for utilities around the world in countries including Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Italy, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States. For customers looking to deploy wireless solutions for the energy market, Sierra Wireless offers:

• All the components required for end-to-end solutions, from ruggedized embedded modules, gateways and routers, software suites, and development tools to services platforms.
• Simplified integration and deployment, with proven technologies that allow rapid design and easy integration, as well as a services platform that enables fast deployment and cost-effective maintenance and support.
• A rugged and secure product line designed for long life spans and challenging environmental conditions, tested to military specifications to ensure reliability under extreme temperatures, humidity, and vibration.
• Strong relationships with network operators worldwide to assist customers and partners with network connections and certifications.

For more information about Sierra Wireless Solutions for Energy, please visit us at Metering Europe 2010, held September 22 to 24 at the Reed Messe Wien in Vienna, Austria, or find out more at http://www.sierrawireless.com/energy. To contact the Sierra Wireless Sales Desk, call +1 (604) 232-1488 or email sales@sierrawireless.com.


Note to editors:
To view and download images of Sierra Wireless products, please visit http://www.sierrawireless.com/newsroom/productimages.aspx.
About A.P. Systems
A.P. Systems is one of the leaders of the M2M market and very highly skilled in multimetering managing systems. It operates with a working team of more than 130 employees, 5 offices in Italy and 2 abroad, boasting a group turnover of 12 million Euros at the end of 2009. A.P. Systems is organized into three technical divisions, each skilled in a specific kind of IT specialization: PAL providing IT systems for the public sector; MIT which develops M2M systems for remote managing of pipeline meters; and SECURITY, in charge of delivering systems of video surveillance and security of the territory. www.apsystems.it
About Sierra Wireless
Sierra Wireless (NASDAQ: SWIR – TSX: SW) is expanding the wireless world with a comprehensive offering of hardware, software, and connected services for mobile lifestyles and machine-to-machine communications. Our customers count on us to help them succeed with early access to new wireless technologies and innovative, reliable, high-performing solutions for a broad range of applications. For more information about Sierra Wireless, visit www.sierrawireless.com. 
“AirPrime” and “Open AT” are trademarks of Sierra Wireless. Other product or service names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
Forward Looking Statements
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements relate to, among other things, plans and timing for the introduction or enhancement of our services and products, statements about future market conditions, supply conditions, channel and end customer demand conditions, revenues, gross margins, operating expenses, profits, and other expectations, intentions, and plans contained in this press release that are not historical fact. Our expectations regarding future revenues and earnings depend in part upon our ability to successfully develop, manufacture, and supply products that we do not produce today and that meet defined specifications. When used in this press release, the words "plan", "expect", "believe", and similar expressions generally identify forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current expectations. They are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, changes in technology and changes in the wireless data communications market. In light of the many risks and uncertainties surrounding the wireless data communications market, you should understand that we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements contained in this press release will be realized.

3I INFOTECH COMPANY PROFILE

3i Infotech is one of the India's leading IT Companies and among the top 4 Indian Software products companies. They provide complete end-to-end outsourcing solutions for various industries. It has a comprehensive set of solutions for the banking, finance, insurance, manufacturing, retail & distribution and contracting sectors.
The company's Global Delivery Model provides for the best resources to be drawn from its vast talent pool across the globe to offer optimal solutions.

3i Infotech has worked with over 700 customers worldwide, including Dow Jones, GlaxoSmithKline, Panasonic, American Insurance Group, OCBC Bank, QBE Insurance and Emirates Bank. Promoted by the $25 billion NYSE-listed ICICI Bank, 3i Infotech serves customers in 30 countries and has presence across 4 continents. The company offers the following range of enterprise services and solutions to meet varying customer requirements.
3i Infotech is SEI CMMI Level 5 compliant for its Software services and ISO 9001:2000 certified for its IT Infrastructure and Transaction services.

Services

• IT Outsourcing
• IT Infrastructure Management
• IT Security Consultancy
• Product Re-engineering
• Packaged Application Implementation
• EAI
• e-Governance
• Business Process Management

3i Infotech has five delivery centers in India spread over 150,000 square feet in Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai. Each delivery center is well networked with built in redundancies and can work as an independent unit as well as backup for other units.

Recruitment

• Resume collation and filtering
• Initial screening
• Preliminary screening and short listing
• Flexible staffing administration
• Reporting & documentation

To know about the careers with the company you may contact with the HR Department or can mail at opportunities@3i-infotech.com

CSC COMPANY PROFILE

CSC (Computer Sciences Corporation) is a leading information technology (IT) services company. CSC’s mission is to be a global leader in providing technology-enabled business solutions and services. The company is one of the leading outsourcing solutions providers in the world. It has a strong position in providing IT services to government customers.
CSC also provides business process outsourcing, managing key functions for clients, such as procurement and supply chain, call centers and customer relationship management, credit services, claims processing and logistics. I/T and professional services include systems integration, consulting and other professional services. Systems integration encompasses designing, developing, implementing and integrating complete information systems. Consulting and professional services includes advising clients on the strategic acquisition and utilization of I/T and on business strategy, security, modeling, simulation, engineering, operations, change management and business process reengineering.

The solutions provided by CSC include systems design and integration; IT and business process outsourcing; applications software development; Web and application hosting; and management consulting.

Specialties
Consulting, IT, Systems Integration, Outsourcing
CSC India offers applications services, product development and support services, infrastructure services, IT outsourcing and BPO services to clients worldwide. With a winning combination of strong functional knowledge, in-depth technological expertise, uncompromised process rigour and world class industry standards and compliance in place, CSC India has consistently built upon its experience to deliver business results in the global information technology marketplace, thus earning the trust of some of the world’s biggest organisations.
The company is hiring freshers as well as experienced hands. Nearly 10-15 per cent of the recruitments are freshers. Indian centres: Hyderabad, Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Noida, Indore, Vadora etc

CSC Test Pattern:
The paper contains 100 questions which you need to complete them in 25 min.
No negative marking for that, but don't try to put all random answering for the unknown one... because even that will be judged.
And there is no general knowledge based questions, and it would be totally of 2 parts like Maths, English grammar and you will find the alternative questions from these two parts, like 1st English, 2nd Maths, 3rd English, 4th Question Maths etc.

CAREEIAR WITH ORACLE

Oracle Corporation is a multinational computer technology company that specializes in developing and marketing enterprise software products - particularly database management systems. Headquartered in Redwood City, California, United States of America, Oracle has more than 1, 01,950 employees worldwide as of January 2010. Larry Ellison, is playing a crucial role as CEO, recently he announced that oracle is going to recruit 2000 new employees.

Recruitment Process:
Oracle follows both online and offline recruitment process. The Company’s HR team Shortlists candidate’s based on their CVs. Candidates have to go through 2-3 rounds of technical and one round of HR interview.

On campus interview:
In a 30-minute interview, the company wants to know about the candidate’s academic achievements, awards and his personality traits. Company also focuses on candidate's interests, his creativity and what is it that a candidate cares about most? Interviewer may also ask technical questions related to specific projects and products.

Career:
Oracle provides excellent career opportunities. It also provides supportive environment to foster career and self-management. Oracle recognizes and rewards employees for growing either as a "knowledge leader “or as a "people leader" (manager role).

Cognizant Technology COMPANY

Introduction:
Cognizant Technology Solutions (NASDAQ: CTSH) is an information technology services company with headquarters in New Jersey USA and with significant operations in Chennai, India. Cognizant started in 1994, as Dun & Bradstreet Satyam Software - the in-house technology development center for the Dun & Bradstreet Corporation (D&B) and its operating units.

Cognizant provides application maintenance services, data warehousing, software development and integration, and reengineering services for legacy systems, primarily to medium-sized and large businesses.

Company Profile
Year of Inception: 1994
Headquarter Address: Teaneck, New Jersey
Employees Worldwide: 60000+
Entry level salaries: 8-10 LPA for Management Trainees & 3.01 LPA for SE
Placement Procedure: Written Test(Aptitude), Interview (Tech+ HR )
Campuses Visited: All good engineering college across India
Locations placed: All over India (Chennai, Kolkata, Pune, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Mumbai, Kochi and Gurgaon)

LIFE @ CTS
Technology, Domain & Quality of work: Java / JS / J2EE / Struts / Servlet, MS.Net / C# / VB / XML / VC++ / Ajax, Oracle Apps, PL / SQL, ERP, Software Testing, Business Analyst

Learning Opportunities: Well planned training program

Career Growth Ladder: Associate >> Sr. Associate >> Team Lead >> Consultant >> Project Manager

Recommendations: Good company for fresher’s who are just looking in to a job in current recession.

Views about CTS:
CTS offer three months of initial program of rigorous training for all those who do not have industry experience. Looking at current situation onsite opportunities are still better than its counterparts. Work environment do not considered to be too good. Offices have more local aspects rather being global.

Views about the company:
The training program offered by CTS is quite renowned in industry. Fair and politics free environment prevails in CTS. But Salary for freshers is an issue at CTS. They pay low. Appraisals are also low. It lacks quality of work. But some domain knowledge may be useful in future.

Recommendations:
CTS is average learning place and for people who just want a career in IT, TS is quite a good place to work. If you have other options like TCS, Infosys, IBM, Wipro than CTS is not that good place.

Website: www.cognizant.com

INFOSYS COMPANY PROFILE

Infosys is credited with pioneering the use of talent in India to compete in consulting and IT services in the US and Europe. Based in Electronics City, an industrial park in Bangalore, the firm has nine development centers in India and over 40 offices in 17 countries.

Company Profile
Year of Inception: 1981
Headquarter Address: Electronics City, Bangaluru, India
Employees Worldwide: 104000+
Entry level salaries: 5-7 LPA for Management Trainees & 3.25 LPA for SE
Placement Procedure: Written Test(Aptitude), Interview (Tech, HR )
Campuses Visited: All good engineering college across India

Locations placed: All over India (Bangalore, New Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Mangalore, Mysore, Pune, Thiruvananthapuram).

Technology, Domain & Quality of work: Oracle, Mainframe, .Net/XML/Ajax, J2EE/Java/Struts/Servlet, VB/VC++,People soft, PL/SQL, CRM, ERP, C/C++,Data warehousing and other database Technologies

Learning Opportunities: Well planned training program

Career Growth Ladder: Associate >> Sr. Associate >> Team Lead >> Consultant >> Project Manager

Recommendations: Good company for fresher’s as learning curve for technical perspective is very step in first few years. Paid well to employees have prior work experience.

Views about Infosys: Infosys offers three months of initial program of rigorous training for all those who do not have industry experience. Infosys facilitates learning by providing on job training to meet the job requirements. Infosys is value driven and is a paper and plastic free office. The training program offered by INFOSYS is quite renowned in industry. Fair and politics free environment prevails in Infosys that separate organization from rest. Infosys respect leaders and help achievers in high career growth.

Recommendations: For people who like to join big names ‘strong yes’. INFOSYS is average learning place and for people who just want a career in IT INFOSYS is quite a good place to work.

Website: www.Infosys.com

NATIONAL THERMAL COMPANY PROFILE

NTPC Limited, India's largest power company with an installed capacity of 31,134 MW is presently operating 15 coal based, 7 gas based power stations and 4 joint ventures. NTPC contributed around 1/3rd of the country's entire power generation during the year 2008-09 and plans to become a 75,000 MW power company by 2017. NTPC has moved ahead by diversifying its portfolio to emerge as an integrated power major with presence across the entire energy value chain. NTPC has been allocated 6 coal mine blocks which are expected to produce 48 million tons per annum. NTPC has been ranked No. 1 in 'Best Workplaces for Large Organizations' and eighth overall in 2008 by Great Places to Work in collaboration with the Economic Times. With its excellent practice in Human Capital Management, NTPC is the most admired organization in public sector. Powered by dynamic and dedicated workforce, NTPC has ambitious growth plans and to make it happen, NTPC is looking for promising, energetic young Graduate Engineers & Finance and HR professionals with brilliant academic record to join the organization. Company Profile Company: National Thermal Power Corporation Limited Founded Year:1975 Headquarter: Delhi, India Location: all India Website: www.ntpc.co.in Recruitment: NTPC believes in the philosophy ‘Grow your own timber’. NTPC hire from campuses. NTPC's ‘Executive Trainee’ Scheme was introduced in the year 1977 with the objective to raise a cadre of home grown professionals. First Division Graduate Engineers/Post Graduates are hired through nation wide open competitive examination and campus recruitments. Hiring is followed by 52 weeks induction training (fully paid) consisting of theoretical input, on job training, personality development & management modules. The test pattern: For the off campus recruitment it conducts written test. The written test consists of two papers-Technical and Aptitude. The questions of the technical test depend on the discipline chosen. Campus placements: Every year NTPC visits for the recruitment of fresh engineering graduates. NTPC generally recruits from Electronics Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. NTPC campus recruitment procedure contains no written test. Generally it conducts Technical Interview and HR interview. Technical Interview contains questions on Particular Specializations. HR Interview contains questions about candidates aims and aspirations, company information etc Salary: Selected candidates will be placed in the pay scale of Rs. 11225-4%-17250 at the basic pay of Rs. 11225/- during one-year training. These candidates will be absorbed after successful completion of training as Engineer / Officer in the pay scale of Rs.12000-4%-17500 at a basic pay of Rs. 12000/- Bond: Bond of 3yrs or 2.5 lakh Career Paths: A formal career path and development process exists in NTPC. All career paths have an underlying management structure. Promotions within each career path are aligned with the needs of the organization. Succession criteria for leadership positions in each career path have been identified, which provide basis for job rotation. Anyone joining the organisation can choose to pursue a business, function or staff career path and will be put through specific training interventions and job rotation path towards becoming a business, function or staff head. Work culture: Company is a PSU. Its commitment is required as completion of projects is top priority. In addition to providing beautiful and safe work places, NTPC encourages a culture of mutual respect and trust amongst peers, superiors and subordinates. Employee Development Centers- Employee Development Centers (EDCs) are located at all NTPC projects and stations and take care of training needs of employees at the unit. They have similar infrastructure as that of PMI and have full time dedicated staff of 150 employees across NTPC. EDCs serve to meet the training needs that can be catered to locally.

L&T COMPANY PROFILE

L and T is India’s leading technology, engineering, and construction and manufacturing company in the private sector. It is scouting for engineering graduates with a love for engineering, a passion for excellence and a positive outlook. EVERY year L&T visits approximately 80 engineering campuses across the country to hire enthusiastic young engineers. The company recruits around 1,200 engineering graduates - 400 for specialized work such as construction and design, and the remaining for its Manufacturing and Projects Divisions.

COMPANY PROFILE:
Turnover: Rs 36,996 crore
Employee strength: 38,785
No. of offices: 60
No. of plants: 20

Campus hiring
Areas: Most engineering disciplines.

Eligibility: First division or 60% in class 10, 12 and graduation. Students with only one ATKT (allowed to keep term)/backlog are accepted. Company representatives visit campuses and make a pre-placement presentation. Interested students contact the placement officer or placement in-charge, who sends details to L&T, which then shortlists applications and informs the college placement officer of short-listed students who then appear for a paper-pencil entrance exam.

Written test: The difficulty level of test isn’t as high as GRE or GMAT. Typically, exam results are announced on the same day and successful candidates called for the interview. The exam papers are set internally with professional help, and the duration is approximately one hour. The test comprises three sections: numerical, verbal and analytical, and no negative marking.

Personal interview: This level is tougher as compared to the examination, and candidates are assessed in several areas. A sound knowledge of concepts and their applications is paramount. In a company such as L&T, knowledge of all engineering concepts is necessary as most of the projects at L&T draw expertise from all the engineering fields. It is better to focus on practical application of engineering. The interview panel judges the candidate’s technical knowledge, reasoning ability, leadership qualities, and communication skills.

The finishing school: Soon after joining, young engineering recruits undergo a one-month training programme, held at different locations across India. This programme gives an overview of the company, its various divisions, the on-going projects from close quarters so that engineering graduates also understand how they could efficiently contribute. Engineers are provided accommodation and are given full salaries. The package in 2010 will be Rs 3.3 lakhs in the first year.

Skills: A strong technical base, love for engineering, positive attitude, a passion for excellence and leadership skills.

Post graduation is encouraged: Employees can pursue part-time management courses or a PG in technical education. L&T has tie-ups with several institutes such as IIM, Ahmadabad, XLRI and SP Jain Institute of Management & Research, Mumbai, and with IIT Bombay and Warwick University for technical education. The company bears two-thirds of the fee, while the employee pays one-third. If the academic record during the postgraduate programme is good, then the company reimburses the employee’s contribution.

BSNL COMPANY PROFILE

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc. Within a span of five years it has become one of the largest public sector units in India.
BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5 million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz. Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, Account Less Internet(CLI). BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.
BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000 certified Telecom Training Institute.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. [BSNL] will recruit Management Trainees (External) through competitive examinations to be held on All India basis, on different dates to fill up position of Deputy Manager in Telecom. Operations, Marketing, Finance, HRM & IT.

Placement pattern:
1st round: written technical test
2nd round: personal interview

TEST PATTERN:
BSNL Junior Telecom Officers (JTO)
BSNL JTO exam consists of a 3 hour objective exam, consisting of three sections:
Section: 1 & Section:2 contains questions from Engineering stream with 50 questions each Section-3 contains 20 questions on general English & GK.
Total 120 questions

Capgemini Company Profile

Corporate view:
Capgemini is a major French company, one of the world's largest information technology, management consulting, and outsourcing and professional services companies with a staff of over 88,000 operating in 36 countries. It is headquartered in Paris (Rue de Tilsitt) and was founded in 1967 by Serge Kampf, the current chairman.
Capgemini, one of the world's foremost providers of consulting, technology and outsourcing services, enables its clients to transform and perform through technologies. Capgemini provides its clients with insights and capabilities that boost their freedom to achieve superior results through a unique way of working - the Collaborative Business Experience - and through a global delivery model called Rightshore?, which aims to offer the right resources in the right location at competitive cost. Present in 35 countries.

Capgemini India is well known for conceptualizing and integrating technological solutions to cater to clients' need for technological innovation in infrastructure and systems architecture. Towards this end, Capgemini has strategic partners such as Microsoft, Cisco, Dell, Oracle, HP, IBM, and SAP in order to deliver the best quality technological support to its clients.

The different kinds of opportunities available are in 5 major areas:

• Capgemini Consulting (CC): helping our clients to identify, structure and implement transformation projects that will have a lasting impact on their growth and competitive edge.
• Technology Services (TS): formulating, developing and implementing all kinds of technological projects for our clients.
• Outsourcing Services (OS): assisting our clients in the outsourcing of their IT systems or business processes.
• Financial Services (FS): help transform financial firms by planning, designing, and implementing customized service and technology solutions which focus on this fast-paced domain area.
• Local Professional Services (LPS): offering IT services adapted to local requirements in terms of infrastructure, applications and engineering. LPS are provided by Sogeti, a Capgemini subsidiary.

About Recruitment test:
The selection process consists of 3 rounds (may vary)
1) Written test
a. Quantitative 25 questions
b. Analytical 30 questions
c. Verbal 25 questions
2) GD
3) HR interview

IBM COMPANY SOFT WARE PROFILE

• Transformation and integration solutions that are built on the IBM Web Sphere middleware platform.
• Information leveraging solutions that are built on a portfolio of Data management (DB2) tools.
• Lotus product line to help organisations leverage collective know-how.
• Tivoli range of products to enable organisations to manage complex technological infrastructure.
• Rational range of Application Development Tools to help software development houses develop applications in a structured and systematic way.

Specialties:
IT Services, Consulting, Business Analytics & Optimization, CRM, ERP, security, software, strategy, storage, disaster recovery, enterprise architecture, virtualization, BPM, Lean Six Sigma, Smarter Planet, Outsourcing, semiconductors, microprocessors.

Entry level Recruitment:

• Training for freshers:
• Customized Corporate Training Programs

IBM Training professionals specialise in assessing training needs, designing, developing, delivering, administering and even evaluating corporate training solutions. Blending technology with traditional methods, these customized IT training solutions will bolster the knowledge base in your organisation.

Recruitment Process:
The recruitment test consists of 4 rounds.
1) Written test
2) Group Discussion
3) Technical Interview
4) HR Interview

cohesive energy calculation

Calculation of the cohesive energy of metallic nanoparticles by the Lennard–Jones potential

References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.

W. H. Qi ^{a, ,} , M. P. Wang ^a and W. Y. Hu ^b

^a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
^b Department of Applied Physics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Received 15 July 2003; 

Revised 13 October 2003; 

accepted 18 October 2003. 

Available online 24 December 2003.

Abstract

The cohesive energy of metallic nanoparticles has been studied by Lennard–Jones potential. It is found that the Lennard–Jones potential can be used to calculate the cohesive energy of metallic nanoparticles by considering the size-dependent potential parameters. It is predicted that the cohesive energy of small particles decreases with decreasing the particle size, which is consistent with the experimental values of Mo and W nanoparticles.

Author Keywords: Author Keywords: Lennard–Jones potential; Cohesive energy; Nanoparticles

05.70.−a; 61.46.+w

Article Outline

• References

Fig. 1. Potential parameter A₁₂ of simple cubic structure as a function of particle size n.

View Within Article

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Fig. 2. Potential parameter A₆ of simple cubic structure as a function of particle size n.

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Fig. 3. Potential parameter A₁₂ of body-centered cubic structure as a function of particle size n.

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Fig. 4. Potential parameter A₆ of body-centered cubic structure as a function of particle size n.

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Fig. 5. Potential parameter A₁₂ of face-centered cubic structure as a function of particle size n.

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Fig. 6. Potential parameter A₆ of face-centered cubic structure as a function of particle size n.

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Fig. 7. The particle size dependence of the cohesive energy of simple cubic nanoparticles.

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Fig. 8. The particle size dependence of the cohesive energy of body centered cubic nanoparticles.

View Within Article

engineering chemistry book

Engineering Chemistry Textbook Book Description

Engineering Chemistry presents the subject with the aim of providing clear and sufficient understanding of chemistry to the students of engineering, as the same is imperative for any successful engineer. Some chapters in the book deal with the basic principles of chemistry while others are focused on its applied aspects, providing the correct interphase between the principles of chemistry and engineerContents:
* Fuels(Energy Sources)
* Solar Energy
* Electrochemical Cells
* Battery Technology
* Metal Finishing
* Corrosion and its Control
* High Polymers
* Water Treatment
* Liquid Crystals
* Instrumental Methods of Analysis
* Lab Manual in Engineering Chemistry
* Index

Book Details

Title:	Engineering Chemistry Textbook
Publisher:	IK International Pvt. Ltd.
Author:	R V Gadag, A Nityananda Shetty
Edition:	Paperback
ISBN:	8188237833
No. of Pages:	360

Deliverable Countries: This product ships to India, Sri Lanka.

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Customer Reviews : Engineering Chemistry Textbook

engineering drawing

University will conduct examination for 100 marks for this subject

Contact Hours/week: Lectures -2 ; Practicles -4

Syllabus

1. Introduction to Engineering Graphics: Drawing instruments and accessories, BIS - SP 46. Use of plane scales and Representative Fraction.

2. Engineering Curves: Classification of Engineering Curves, Construction of Conics, Cycloidal Curves, Involutes and Spirals.

3. Loci of Points: Path of the points moving on simple arrangements and simple mechanisms, slider crank mechanism, four bar chain mechanism etc.

4. Projections of Points & Lines: Introduction to principal planes of projections, Projections of the points located in same quadrant and different quadrants, Projections of line with its inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes. True length of the line and its inclination with the reference planes.

5. Projections of Planes: Concept of different planes, Projections of planes with its inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes. Concept of auxiliary plane method for projections of the plane.

6. Projections of Solids & Section of Solids: Classification of solids. Projections of solids like Cylinder, Cone, Pyramid and Prism with its inclination to one reference plane and with two reference planes. Section of such solids and the true shape of the section.

7. Development of Lateral Surfaces: Concept of development of the different surfaces. Parallel Line Development and Radial Line Development.

8. Orthographic Projections: Principle of projection, Principal planes of projection, Projections from the pictorial view of the object on the principal planes for View from Front, View from Top and View from Side using first angle projection method and third angle projection method, Full Sectional View.

9. Isometric Projections and Isometric View or Drawing: Isometric Scale, Conversion of orthographic views into isometric projection, isometric view or drawing.

NOTE: Topic No. 1, 8 and 9 of the above syllabus to be covered in Practical Hours.

Text Books:
1. Engineering Drawing By Agrawal and Agrawal, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

Reference Books:

1. A Text Book of Engineering Graphics By P.J.Shah, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
2. A Text Book of Machine Drawing By P.J.Shah, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
3. Elementary Engineering Drawing By N.D.Bhatt, Charotar Publishing House, Anand
4. Geometrical and Machine Drawing By N.D.Bhatt, Charotar Publishing House, Anand
5. Engineering Graphics – I and II By Arunoday Kumar, Tech – Max Publication, Pune
6. Engineering Drawing & Graphics using Auto CAD 2000 By T. Jeyapoovan, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
7. A text book of Engineering Drawing By R.K.Dhawan, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi
8. A text book of Engineering Drawing By P.S.Gill, S.K.Kataria & sons, Delhi
9. Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD By D.A.Jolhe, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi
10. Computer Aided Engineering Drawing, S. Trymbaka Murthy, I.K.International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

Syllabus of JNTU Bachelor of Technology (BTech Common Syllabus) - CM05219 Engineering Chemistry / CM05044 Applied Chemistry Effective 2007-08 Batch

UNIT I: Water Technology-I

Introduction, Effect of Water on Rocks and Minerals, Types of impurities in Water, Hardness of Water - Temporary and Permanent hardness. Units and inter conversions of Units. Estimation of hardness by EDTA Methods. Problems on Temporary and Permanent hardnesses. Analysis of Water - Alkalinity; Chlorides and Dissolved Oxygen. Disadvantages of Hard Water. Methods of Treatment of Water for Domestic Purposes - Sedimentation, Coagulation, Filtration, Disinfection - Sterilization, Chlorination,Break point chlorination, Ozonization.

UNIT II: Water Technology-II

Water for Industrial purpose - Water for Steam Making-Boiler Troubles - Carry Over - Priming and Foaming, Boiler Corrosion, Scales and Sludges, Caustic Embrittlement. Water Treatment: - Internal Treatment - Colloidal, Phosphate, Calgon, Carbonate, Sodium aluminate Conditioning of Water. External Treatment - Lime-Soda Process, Zeolite Process, Ion- Exchange Process; - Numerical Problems.

UNIT III: Science of Corrosion

Definition, Examples, Types of Corrosion: Theories of Corrosion and Mechanism - Dry Corrosion, (Direct Chemical attack), Wet Corrosion, (Electro Chemical Theory) Principles of Corrosion, Galvanic Series, Galvanic Corrosion, Concentration Cell Corrosion, Mechanism of Wet Corrosion - Hydrogen evolution type, Oxygen absorption type. Factors Influencing Corrosion. Control of Corrosion - Proper Design, Use of pure metal and metal alloys, Passivity, Cathodic Protection - Sacrificial anode and Impressed Current. Modifying the Environment, use of Inhibitors.

UNIT IV: Protective Coatings and their applications

Surface Preparation: (1) Solvent Cleaning (2) Alkali Cleaning (3) Pickling and Etching (4) Sand Blasting (5) Mechanical Cleaning.
Types of Protective Coatings: Metallic Coatings - Anodic Coatings, Galvanization, Cathodic Coatings - Tinning, Metal Cladding, Electroplating Ex: Chromium Plating, Metal Spraying, Cementation-Sheradizing, Colourizing, Chromizing.
Chemical Conversion Coatings: (1) Phosphate (2) Chromate (3) Anodized Coatings.

UNIT V: Polymer Science and Technology

Polymerization Reactions - Basic concepts. Types of Polymerization - Addition and Condensation Polymerizations. Plastics -Thermosetting and Thermoplastics - Differences. Compounding and Moulding of Plastics - Compression, Injection, Transfer, and Extrusion molding methods. Preparation, Properties and Engineering Uses of the Following: Polyethylene, PVC, Teflon, Bakelite, Nylon, Polyester, Polyurethane and Silicone Resins. Rubber - Processing of Natural Rubber, Vulcanization and Compounding. Elastomers - Buna S, Buna N, Thiokol. Polyurethane Rubber.

UNIT VI: Refractories and Insulators

Refractories - Definition, Classification With Examples; Criteria of a Good Refractory Material; Causes for the failure of a Refractory Material; Insulators - Definition and Classification with Examples; Characteristics of Insulating Materials; Thermal Insulators, Electrical Insulators - Their Characteristics and Engineering Applications.

UNIT VII: Lubricants

Principles and function of lubricants - Types of Lubrication and Mechanism - Thick Film or Hydrodynamic Lubrication, Thin Film or Boundary Lubrication, Extreme Pressure Lubrication. Classification and properties of lubricants-Viscosity, flash and fire point, cloud and pour point, aniline point, Neutralization Number and mechanical strength.

UNIT VIII: Inorganic Cementing Materials

Cement: Important Parameters for Manufacturing Cement Clinkers. Chemical Constituents and Composition of Cement. Methods of Manufacture of Cement - Wet and Dry Processes. Additives for Cement. Properties of Cement - Setting and Hardening. Types of Portland Cement.

TEXT BOOKS

1. A text book of Engineering Chemistry by Jain & Jain, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, New Delhi(15 Ediction) (2006).
2. Chemistry of Engineering Materials by C.P. Murthy, C.V. Agarwal and A. Naidu BS Publication Hyd. 2007.

REFERENCE

1. A text book of Engineering Chemistry by S.S. Dara, S.Chand & Co, New Delhi (2004)
2. Engineering Chemistry by J C Kuriacose and J. Rajaram, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi (2004)
3. Text book of Engineering Chemistry by Shashi Chawala, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, 15th edition New Delhi (2004).
4. Laboratory Manual on Engineering Chemistry by S.K. Bhasin and Sudha Rani, Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company, New Delhi (2004).
5. Engineering Chemistry by R. Gopalan, D. Venkappaya and S.Nagarajan, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi (2004).
6. Engineering Chemistry by R.V. Gadag A.N. Tyanand Shortly IK. International Publishing house Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Additional books for Mechanical Engineer

ing (Production)

Syllabus of JNTU Bachelor of Technology (BTech Common Syllabus) - PY05227 Engineering Physics and Applied Chemistry Lab Effective 2007-08 Batch

Any ten of the following experiments are to be performed during the Academic year.
Sl. No. - Name of the Experiment
1. Determination of Refractive Index of the material of a Prism - Spectrometer.
2. Dispersive power of the material of a Prism - Spectrometer.
3. Cauchy's constants - Spectrometer.
4. Determination of wavelength of a source - Diffraction Grating.
5. Determination of thickness of a thin object using parallel fringes.
6. Newton's Rings.
7. Determination of Rigidity modulus of a material in the form of a wire - Torsional pendulum
8. Melde's Experiment - Transverse and Longitudinal modes.
9. Determination of velocity of sound - Volume resonator.
10. Single slit diffraction using Sodium lamp.
11. Double slit diffraction using Sodium lamp.
12. Single slit diffraction using Lasers.
13. Double slit diffraction using Lasers.
14. Time constant of R-C Circuit.
15. L-C-R Circuit.
16. Verification of laws of stretched string - Sonometer.
17. Calculation of Frequency of A.C. mains - Sonometer.
18. Study of Characteristics of LED and LASER sources.
19. Study of Characteristics of p-i-n and avalanche photo diode detectors.
20. Bending losses of fibers.
21. Evaluation of Numerical Aperture of a given fiber.
22. Magnetic field along the axis of a current carrying coil - Stewart and Gee's method.
23. Hall effect.
24. B-H curve.
25. Energy gap of a material of p-n junction.
26. Determination of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio by Cornu's method
27. Thermo Electric effect - Seebeck effect and Peltier effect.

REDOX TITRATIONS

1. Preparation of Standard Potassium Dichromate and Estimation of Ferrous Iron.
2. Preparation of Standard Potassium Dichromate and Estimation of Ferric Iron.

IODOMETRY

3. Preparation of Standard Potassium Dichromate and Estimation of Copper, by Iodometry.

COMPLEXOMETRY

4. Preparation of Standard EDTA solution and Estimation of Calcium/Hardness of Water.
5. Preparation of Standard EDTA and Estimation of Copper

PRECIPITATION TITRATION

6. Preparation of Standard solution of Zinc and Estimation of Ferrocyanide.

ANALYSIS OF MINERALS

7. Percentage Purity of Pyrolusite.
8. Percentage Purity of Lime Stone.

COLORIMETRIC ESTIMATIONS

9. Manganese in Steel
10. Iron in Cement

TEXT BOOKS

1. Chemistry Pre-lab manual by Dr K.N.Jayaveera and K.B. Chandra Sekhar, S.M. Enterprizes Ltd.
2. Vogel's Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS Edition.

Engineering Drawing Practice Lab (As per JNTU Syllabus) Book Description

This textbook, Engineering Drawing Practice Lab is specifically designed as per the syllabus of the first year students of the circuit branches in various engineering colleges affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Andhra Pradesh. Both the text and drawings presented represent latest concepts.

The book is illustrated with numerous solved problems from various leading universities so as to expose our students to all sorts of questions put to them in their examinations. The topics include bolt and nut, L-angle, funnel, table, stool, overhead tank, gland, stage, cavity block, drilling jig, cast iron and steel castings, hopper, chimney, duct, chute, V-block, bearing cap, open bearing, dovetail, fork, rocker arm, lock plate, trisquare, jig plate, flange, elbow, shaft bracket, machine clamp, tailstock, angle plate, electromagnet, I-beam, rod support, tray etc.

In view of the treatment of this subject reasonably in detail and the book being written in a simple language within the comprehension of an average student, it should serve as an ideal textbook not only for the students of JNTU but all others pursuing this subject in various universities, both in India and other developing countries.

About the Author(s):
Prof. K. Venugopal , B.E., M.Sc. (Engg.), F.I.E., M.I.S.E., M.I.S.T.E., is a retired Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore. He obtained his UG and PG degrees from the University of Madras. He served as a Design Engineer in a reputed firm at Mumbai. Subsequently, he had been on the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in the Department of Technical Education, Tamil Nadu for over a period of 35 years.

He is a recipient of `The Best Citizen of India` award from an International Publishing House, in New Delhi. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Standards Engineers of the Bureau of Indian Standards (B.I.S.), Member of the Institution of Engineers and Life Member of Indian Society for Technical Education.
Contents:
Importance of Engineering Graphics Drawing Instruments and Their Uses
BIS Conventions and Specifications
Engineering Scales
Geometrical Constructions
Curves Used in Engineering Practice-Conic Sections
Cycloids and Involutes
Cylindrical Curves
Freehand Sketching Techniques
Orthographic Projections
Representation of 3-D Objects
Projections of Points
Projections of Straight Lines
Projections on Auxiliary Planes
Projections of Plane Surfaces
Projections of Solids
Auxiliary Projections of Solids
Isometric Projection
Conversion of Orthographic Views into Isometric Views
Conversion of Isometric Views into Orthographic Views.

Book Details

Title:	Engineering Drawing Practice Lab (As per JNTU Syllabus)
Publisher:	New Age International
Author:	K Venugopal

digital systems

As the complexity of modern digital systems increases, so does the need for ever more rigorous testing at all levels, from individual chips up to complete system architectures. This book is the most comprehensive introduction available to the range of techniques and tools used in digital testing. It covers every key topic, including fault simulation, CMOS testing, design for testability, and built-in self test. Aimed at graduate students of electrical and computer engineering, the book is also the most up-to-date reference on the market for practicing engineers

satilite communication

 The first satellite that was used for communication purpose in INDIA was ARYABHATTA and it was launched in 19^th April.1975. It was made and assembled by an organization called Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). In the year 1981, a satellite named APPLE was launched in space which was the first Indian Experimental communication satellite. The unique feature of it was that it was a three axis stabilization geosynchronous satellite and weighed around 645 kg. The term APPLE is an abbreviation for Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment. It consisted of a (6/4 Ghz) processing equipment called Transponder. Various experiments were carried out with APPLE, [SITE, STEP (Other satellite telecommunication experiment projects)] and the results obtained from these experiments provided an impetus for Govt. of India to have its own multipurpose Geosynchronous Earth Orbit satellite under INSAT (Indian National Satellite) program. The first satellite INSAT-1A was launched in the year 1982 which was under this INSAT program, but this effort went in vain as the power house of this satellite consisting of solar cells did not operate properly( failed to open) and this satellite was unused latter on. The average electrical power required by INSAT-1 was approximately 1000W and was provided by the power house subsystem of the satellite. The payload was one C-band transponder and two S-band transponders. Later succession of INSAT-1 series was launched like INSAT-1B, INSAT-C and INSAT-D. After this due to the success of the first generation satellites, INSAT-2 series was launched viz. INSAT-2A, INSAT-2B, INSAT-2C, INSAT-3D and INSAT-2E which provided variety of services.

 WHAT IS SATELLITE?

 A Satellite is a solid object which revolves around some heavenly body due to the effect of gravitational forces which are mutual in nature. We can categorize satellites in two types, namely Passive Satellites and Active satellites. Passive satellites are not like active satellites. Even a moon can be a passive satellite. Thus passive satellites are relay stations in space. A passive satellite can be further subdivided into two types, namely Natural satellites and artificial satellites. A moon is a natural satellite of earth. But spherical balloon with metal coated plastic serve as artificial satellites.

 Active satellites are complicated structures having a processing equipment called Transponder which is very vital for functioning of the satellite. These transponders serve dual purpose i.e. provides amplification of the incoming signal and performs the frequency translation of the incoming signal to avoid interference between the two signals.   

All ABOUT SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

 

The term Satellite communication is very frequently used, but what is satellite communication? It is simply the communication of the satellite in space with large number of earth stations on the ground. Users are the ones who generate baseband signals, which is processed at the earth station and then transmitted to the satellite through dish antennas. Now the user is connected to the earth station via some telephone switch or some dedicated link. The satellite receives the uplink frequency and the transponder present inside the satellite does the processing function and frequency down conversion in order to transmit the downlink signal at different frequency. The earth station then receives the signal from the satellite through parabolic dish antenna and processes it to get back the baseband signal. This baseband signal is then transmitted to the respective user via dedicated link or other terrestrial system. Previously satellite communication system used large sized parabolic antennas with diameters around 30 meters because of the very faint and weak signals received. But nowadays satellites have become much stronger, bigger and powerful due to which antennas used have become automatically smaller in size. Thus the earth station antennas are now not large in size as the antennas used in olden days. A satellite communication system operates and works in the millimeter and microwave wave frequency bands from 1 Ghz to 50 Ghz. There are various frequency bands utilized by satellites but the most recognized of them is the uplink frequency of 6 Ghz and the downlink frequency of 4 Ghz. Actually the uplink frequency band is 5.725 to 7.075 Ghz and the actual downlink frequency band is from 3.4 to 4.8 Ghz. The major components of a Satellite Communication system is spacecraft and one or more earth earths.

THE EXCITING COMPONENTS OF SATELLITE i.e ITS SUBSYSTEMS

• Attitude & orbit control system:

 This subsystem comprises of rocket motors that keeps the correct orientation of the satellite in space by moving it back to the correct orbit. Various external forces cause to change the parking position of the satellite. The primary factors are gravitational forces of sun, moon earth and also other planets of solar system. Other factors include solar pressure on the antennas and solar sails, which is present on the body of the satellite. All these factors are hugely responsible for misbalancing of the satellite and also responsible for changing the parking position of the satellite. Apart from this the earth’s magnetic field is also playing a major role in changing the parking position of satellite. The earth’s magnetic field generates eddy currents in the metallic structure of the satellite as the satellite moves through the magnetic field. Thus the body of the satellite gets rotated called as wobble of the satellite.

Remedy for Misbalancing of the satellite: station keeping:  It is a method of       periodically accelerating the satellite in the opposite direction against the forces acting on the body of the satellite like gravitational forces, eddy currents etc. in order to maintain the correct orientation of satellite in space and maintaining its orbit. The two most common methods employed to keep the satellite stable in orbit are: spin stabilization and three axes body stabilization.

• TTC and M SUBSYSTEMS: 

These subsystems are found partly on the satellite and partly on the earth stations. Data obtained from the sensors present on the spacecraft are sent by the Telemetry systems through telemetry link to the controlling earth stations. The telemetry system monitors the condition of the spacecraft. Furthermore the Tracking system is present on the earth station which is all concerned about range, azimuth angles and elevation angles of the spacecraft by providing necessary information on it. There are various techniques used for tracking of satellite:

1. Velocity and acceleration sensors on the satellite can be used to establish the change in orbit.
2.  Doppler shift of the telemetry carrier from the earth station or beacon transmitter may be measured to determine the rate at which the range is changing.
3. Ranging tones may be used for range measurement.

•  POWER SUBSYSTEM:

This is required to run satellite’s housekeeping and communication system. The block diagram of the power subsystem is shown as:

Solar panels generate direct current which is used to operate different subsystems. The batteries like Nickel-Cadmium batteries are charged by the DC power by employing the battery chargers. The stabilized low voltage is supplied to power various subsystems which are generated by the voltage regulator circuits. A dc to dc converter circuit generates high voltage dc which is used for operating the traveling wave tube amplifiers. Generation of ac from dc is done by dc to ac inverter circuits for running ac devices.

• PROPULSION SUBSYSTEM

 This subsystem can also be called as a reaction control subsystem. It is carried by the satellite in the GEO orbit. The dominant functions of it are:

·        It helps the spacecraft to move to its assigned position in orbit and also helps to maintain it in that position.

·        It is also used to maintain the direction of spin axis attitude control against the perturbation forces.

 The main components of propulsion subsystem are: Low thrust actuators, High thrust motors eg: apogee kick motor, Apogee boost motor and finally Perigee kick motor. Low thrust actuators are further classified as Chemical thrusters and Electrical thrusters. These thrusters are used for attitude and orbit corrections. Moreover the Electric thrusters are mainly of two types 1.> Plasma thrusters 2.> Ion thrusters.

• SPACECRAFT ANTENNA (subsystem)

 Antenna subsystem is also an essential component of satellite system. Basically four main type of antennas are used: these are Monopoles and dipoles (wire antennas)  which are mainly used in VERY HIGH FREQUENCY AND ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY to provide communication for TTC and M subsystem. 2.> Horn antennas are mainly used at microwave frequencies. Horns are actually used as feeds for reflector. 3.> Array antennas are actually phased array antennas which are used on satellites to form multiple beams from single aperture. 4> Reflector antennas are commonly used for earth station antennas and the most widely employed shape of it is the paraboloid with a feed placed at its focus. The patterns for different satellite antennas are shown as:

 

 

• THE KEY ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN A SATELLITE OR TRANSPONDERS:

It is the key electronic component in a satellite. The transmitter receiver combination in a satellite is known as a Transponder. It performs two major functions 1.> It provides amplification of the signal thus providing a gain of around 110dB. 2> It also does the frequency down conversion or frequency translation of the uplink signal in order to avoid interference between the received and the transmitted signal.

Types of Transponders: 1. Bend pipe type Transponder 2. Regenerative type Transponder.  

Bend pipe type transponders are also called conventional type transponders.

Diplexer (acting as a two-way microwave gate) is the device which is responsible or used by the satellite for both receiving the uplink signal and transmitting the downlink signal. The frequency down conversion is done in the carrier processor. Amplification of the weak received signal is done in the front end. The downlink frequency is brought to a sufficient power level by amplification by the power amplifier such as Traveling Wave tube. The carrier processing equipment determines whether the transponder is of conventional or regenerative type

Regenerative Transponders: The regenerative transponder is one where there is provision for detection and demodulation process. The main advantages for these kind of transponders are:

·        The signal to noise ratio is improved.

·        These are simpler and more flexible to implement.

·         At low baseband frequency the amplification is easier to obtain in case of regenerative type.

Types of multi channel transponder systems: 

• Broadband system
• Dual channelized system.

The various frequency translation schemes in use:

FOR CONVENTIONAL TRANSPONDERS 

• RF-RF Translation: This is a single mixer system. The diagrams of it is shown below:

• RF-IF-RF translation schemes: This is a double conversion scheme using a single stable oscillator. This kind of translation scheme provides two advantages over RF-RF conversion scheme: 1. The process of carrier filtering is done at the IF band. 2. Before the return transmitted signal the uplink carriers can be easily removed. The diagram of it is shown below:

FOR REGENERATIVE TRANSPONDERS 

The two common schemes are:

• IF Remodulation scheme: In this technique the uplink RF spectrum is first translated down to low IF band , which is then modulated on to return RF.
• Demodulation- Remodulation scheme: The remodulation removes the uplink noise and interference from return modulation.

SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLES:  

 Satellites are launched into its orbit by the satellite launch vehicles. These satellite launch vehicles are basically multistage rockets. It is classified into two types:

• Expendable launch vehicle (ELV) eg: Ariane, Delta etc. These vehicles get destroyed in space and it also carries more than one satellite with it.
• Reusable launch vehicle (RLV). Also known as space transportation system (STV) eg: Space shuttle. In case of these satellites the vehicle will return back to the earth after leaving the satellite in space. Thus they can be reused again and again. 

Components of Launch vehicle:

• Propulsion system.
• Auto piloting system
• Aerodynamic structure
• Interactive steering subsystem 

DIFFERENCE OF COMMUNICATION SATELLITE FROM COMMUNICATION RELAY:

• For communication satellites the range is much higher than that of communication relay. Communication Satellite can cover up to several thousand kilometers.
• For communication satellite the uplink and the downlink frequency is the same. But for communication satellites the uplink and the downlink frequencies are different in order to avoid interference.

Different frequency bands used in satellite communication: 

• Ultra high frequency band (UHF).
• C-Band.
• X-Band.
• Ku-Band
• Ka-Band.